Insight into functionalized-macrocycles-guided supramolecular photocatalysis

• Minzan Zuo,
• Krishnasamy Velmurugan,
• Kaiya Wang,
• Xueqi Tian and
• Xiao-Yu Hu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 139–155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.15

• with various macrocyclic hosts as well as on the role of macrocyclic-hosts-assisted hybrid materials in energy transfer. To keep the clarity of this review, the macrocycles are categorized into the most commonly used supramolecular hosts, including crown ethers, cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils

• , calixarenes, and pillararenes. This minireview not only summarizes the role that macrocycles play in photocatalytic reactions but also clarifies the photocatalytic mechanisms. Finally, the future research efforts and new pathways to apply macrocycles and supramolecular hybrid materials in photocatalysis are

• -assisted hybrid materials in energy transfer. To date, several supramolecular hosts have been developed that can provide defined properties of, and exert catalytic control on reactive substrates (guests) [7][8][9]. To keep the clarity, we categorized this into the five most universally used important

Palladium nanoparticles supported on chitin-based nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts for the Heck coupling reaction

• Tony Jin,
• Malickah Hicks,
• Davis Kurdyla,
• Sabahudin Hrapovic,
• Edmond Lam and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2477–2483, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.201

• parameters were performed on PdCl2 and either ChNC or ChsNC, but with no H2 reductant. In this case, the solution color remained yellow, indicating that using either ChNC or ChsNC alone cannot fully reduce PdCl2. The resulting hybrid materials are noted PdNP@ChNC and PdNP@ChsNC, respectively. Dihydrogen was

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) [3][10][171], covalent organic frameworks (COFs) [172][173][174][175], and hybrid materials, such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) [1][176][177]. MOFs, for example, have three distinct origins of photocatalysis; (i) semiconducting metal cluster nodes, (ii) photocatalytic

A review of asymmetric synthetic organic electrochemistry and electrocatalysis: concepts, applications, recent developments and future directions

• Munmun Ghosh,
• Valmik S. Shinde and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2710–2746, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.264

• following publication [36]. The same group, in 2014, published two concomitant reports on the synthesis of metallo-organic hybrid materials by means of entrapment of alkaloids within silver particles [37][38]. They further used this organically doped metal as cathode for the enantioselective

Mechanochemical synthesis of hyper-crosslinked polymers: influences on their pore structure and adsorption behaviour for organic vapors

• Sven Grätz,
• Sebastian Zink,
• Hanna Kraffczyk,
• Marcus Rose and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1154–1161, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.112

• variety of these materials [1]. While inorganic materials such as activated carbons, porous metal oxides, and zeolites have been investigated for decades, hybrid materials such as metal-organic frameworks [2], purely organic frameworks such as crystalline covalent-organic frameworks [3], and amorphous

Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and POSS-containing polymeric materials

• Patrycja Żak and
• Cezary Pietraszuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 310–332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.28

• to 11033 Da and polydispersity index (PDI) = 1.5. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of POSS-functionalized monomers The chemistry of inorganic–organic hybrid materials has emerged as a fascinating new field of modern nanotechnology. The inclusion of POSS cages into the polymeric material

• are the subject of numerous reviews [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. From among the methods for preparation of organic–inorganic hybrid materials, polymerization or copolymerization is particularly convenient to incorporate POSS units into polyolefins. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is

• cage should be used. Due to the ease of polymerization and functionalization, norbornene derivatives are the most often used monomers. The aim of this section is to indicate the applications of ROMP in the synthesis of hybrid materials containing the POSS moiety covalently bonded to organic polymeric

Fabrication of supramolecular cyclodextrin–fullerene nonwovens by electrospinning

• Hiroaki Yoshida,
• Ken Kikuta and
• Toshiyuki Kida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 89–95, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.10

• , 380, and 475 nm) are observed. These results clearly suggest the successful preparation of β-CD (γ-CD) fiber materials with molecularly dispersed C60 (C70). The preparation of hybrid materials of a polymer and a CD–fullerene inclusion complex might be interesting to enhance material integrity and

An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes

• Hashem Sharghi,
• Pezhman Shiri and
• Mahdi Aberi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2745–2770, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.253

• sulfated solid supports are: sulfonated organic compounds [21], sulfonated silica materials [22][23], sulfonated carbon materials [5], sulfated zirconia [24], sulfated hybrid materials [25], sulfonated magnetic materials [26], sulfonated polymeric materials [27][28], sulfonated MOFs materials [29], and so

Phosphonic acid: preparation and applications

• Charlotte M. Sevrain,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2186–2213, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.219

• bone targeting, for the design of supramolecular or hybrid materials, for the functionalization of surfaces, for analytical purposes, for medical imaging or as phosphoantigen. These applications are covering a large panel of research fields including chemistry, biology and physics thus making the

• phosphorus-containing functional groups [2], on specific applications (hybrid materials [3], surface modification [4], oil industry [5]) or dedicated to a family of compounds (e.g., aminophosphonic acids [6], organometallic phosphonic acids [7]). However, no recent review was focused on the different methods

• chemosensor for trinitrotoluene (TNT) [63]. The third important feature of phosphonic acid arises from its coordination properties. Indeed, the three oxygen atoms can be engaged in coordination or iono-covalent bonds. These coordination properties were used to design molecular hybrid materials [64] also

Energy down converting organic fluorophore functionalized mesoporous silica hybrids for monolith-coated light emitting diodes

• Markus Börgardts and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 768–778, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.76

• synthesis of mesoporous hybrid materials by postsynthetic grafting to commercially available MCM-41. These individually dye-functionalized hybrid materials are mixed in variable ratios to furnish a powder capable of emitting white light with CIE chromaticity coordinates of x = 0.33, y = 0.33 and an external

• , stable structures like silica-based materials, in particular mesoporous silica, offer favorable properties [4][10]. Eventually, organic–inorganic hybrid materials can be easily accessed by covalent ligation of the functional guest chromophore to a silica host matrix [11][12]. As a consequence the

• principle, the implementation in a white light emitting monolith for down converting commercially available UV light emitting diodes. Results and Discussion A general approach to mesoporous organo–silica hybrid materials takes advantage of the condensation of triethoxysilyl-functionalized functional organic

Thiophene-forming one-pot synthesis of three thienyl-bridged oligophenothiazines and their electronic properties

• Dominik Urselmann,
• Konstantin Deilhof,
• Bernhard Mayer and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2055–2064, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.194

• -transfer characteristics [59][60][61][62][63], as hole-transport materials [64], for applications in mesoporous organo silica hybrid materials [65], and as chromophores in dye-sensitized solar cells [66][67][68]. Furthermore, (oligo)phenothiazines in their native reduced forms display a pronounced ability

Towards potential nanoparticle contrast agents: Synthesis of new functionalized PEG bisphosphonates

• Souad Kachbi-Khelfallah,
• Maelle Monteil,
• Margery Cortes-Clerget,
• Evelyne Migianu-Griffoni,
• Jean-Luc Pirat,
• Olivier Gager,
• Julia Deschamp and
• Marc Lecouvey

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1366–1371, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.130

• ligands. The use of phosphonate ligands to modify the nanoparticle surface drew a lot of attention in the last years for the design of highly functional hybrid materials. Here, we report a methodology to synthesize bisphosphonates having functionalized PEG side chains with different lengths. The key step

Enabling technologies and green processes in cyclodextrin chemistry

• Giancarlo Cravotto,
• Marina Caporaso,
• Laszlo Jicsinszky and
• Katia Martina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 278–294, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.30

• solubility and toxicity, while they can also be used as carriers for inhalation and oral administration treatments [38]. New hybrid materials have been created from a combination of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and β-CD [39] affording a peculiar cost-effective fibre. Functionalized β-CD was covalently linked to

Recent advances in metathesis-derived polymers containing transition metals in the side chain

• Ileana Dragutan,
• Valerian Dragutan,
• Bogdan C. Simionescu,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Helmut Fischer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2747–2762, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.296

• herein discussed. Recent advances in the design and syntheses reported mainly during the last three years are highlighted, with special emphasis on new trends for superior applications of these hybrid materials. Keywords: advanced materials; metallopolymers; metathesis; ROMP; transition metals

• ; Introduction The fast growing interest in metal-containing polymers (metallopolymers) as advanced hybrid materials spurred prolific research in the worldwide organometallic and polymer scientific communities [1][2][3][4]. The variety of metals and the diversity of organic polymers allow tailoring

• metallopolymers so as to reach the desired physical and chemical properties suitable for progressive applications [5][6][7]. These functional hybrid materials are highly appreciated for their superior behaviour in catalysis, optics as well as for their magnetic, mechanical and thermal attributes. Structurally

Polythiophene and oligothiophene systems modified by TTF electroactive units for organic electronics

• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Neil J. Findlay and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1749–1766, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.191

• of the conjugated backbone either directly or via a dithiin ring. The electrochemical behaviour of these materials and structure–property relationships are discussed. The study is directed towards the development of a new type of organic semiconductors based on these hybrid materials for application

• alternative way of preparing PT hybrid materials with TTF pendant groups was to modify the pre-polymerised PT containing an appropriate functionality with a TTF derivative. The Roncali group reported electropolymerisation of EDOT monomers 8a,b bearing a ω-iodo-functionalised aliphatic chain to polymers 9a,b

• basis of the polaron mechanism and the mixed valence state of doped TTF units has developed now into efforts to use the TTF unit as a handle for controlling the morphology of organic semiconductors in the solid state. The great challenge in this field is to design hybrid materials where the position of

Carboxylated dithiafulvenes and tetrathiafulvalene vinylogues: synthesis, electronic properties, and complexation with zinc ions

• Yunfei Wang and
• Yuming Zhao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 957–965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.107

• carboxyl group also presents a reliable and useful ligand to coordinate with transition metal ions, which in turn provides easy access to novel organic–inorganic hybrid materials. The most notable example of research in this context is the recent development of metal organic frameworks (MOFs), wherein the

• design and synthesis of carboxyl functional ligands has played a pivotal role prompting the advancement of this field [29][30][31]. Very recently, some TTF-based ligands have been employed to achieve organic–inorganic hybrid materials with redox activity [32][33][34][35]; however, the use of TTFVs as

• the thermal robustness of the Zn-TTFV coordination polymer. Collectively, the good electrochemical and thermal properties point to a promising prospect for them to be further developed into practically useful organic–inorganic hybrid materials through the coordination polymer approach. The Zn-TTFV

Impact of multivalent charge presentation on peptide–nanoparticle aggregation

• Daniel Schöne,
• Boris Schade,
• Christoph Böttcher and
• Beate Koksch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 792–803, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.89

• known about the effects of nanoparticles on whole organisms [8]. Furthermore, there is great interest in using biomolecules as components to build up self-assembled supramolecular organic–inorganic hybrid materials for engineering novel functional materials and molecular devices [9][10]. In spite of the

• building blocks to construct functional materials by means of biomolecules. Recent studies have made use of DNA, lipids, peptides, and proteins to build up organic–inorganic hybrid materials [9]. Due to their versatile and unique functionalities, which can be used for catalytic [13], optics [14], and

The synthesis of well-defined poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-grafted nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization

• John Moraes,
• Kohji Ohno,
• Guillaume Gody,
• Thomas Maschmeyer and
• Sébastien Perrier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.139

• polymerization (DP, i.e., the number of monomers per chain) [3][4]. RAFT polymerization has been used to generate a very large range of materials ranging from polymeric architectures to nanomaterials and hybrid materials [5][6][7][8][9]. In particular, RAFT has had a major impact in addressing the challenge of

Spin state switching in iron coordination compounds

• Philipp Gütlich,
• Ana B. Gaspar and
• Yann Garcia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 342–391, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.39

Self-assembled organic–inorganic magnetic hybrid adsorbent ferrite based on cyclodextrin nanoparticles

• Ângelo M. L. Denadai,
• Frederico B. De Sousa,
• Joel J. Passos,
• Fernando C. Guatimosim,
• Kirla D. Barbosa,
• Ana E. Burgos,
• Fernando Castro de Oliveira,
• Jeann C. da Silva,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Nelcy D. S. Mohallem and
• Rubén D. Sinisterra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1867–1876, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.215

• Horizonte – MG, 31270-901, Brazil 10.3762/bjoc.8.215 Abstract Organic–inorganic magnetic hybrid materials (MHMs) combine a nonmagnetic and a magnetic component by means of electrostatic interactions or covalent bonds, and notable features can be achieved. Herein, we describe an application of a self

• function of pH. Zeta potential measurements identified an amphoteric behavior for the Fe-Ni/Zn/βCD, suggesting its better capability to remove ions (cations and anions) from aqueous solutions compared to that of Fe-Ni/Zn. Keywords: assembled particles; colloids; cyclodextrin; ferrite; hybrid materials

• ; Introduction Organic–inorganic hybrid materials (HMs) are often prepared by assembling organic and inorganic molecules based on electrostatic interactions or chemical bonding between them, which will leads to an unpredictable stoichiometry [1]. The structures and properties of HMs depend on the nature of both

Syntheses and applications of furanyl-functionalised 2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridines

• Jérôme Husson and
• Michael Knorr

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 379–389, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.41

• -harvesting materials [36][42][45][46][47][51][52], as chemosensors [37], in supramolecular assemblies [38][39][44], as a photocatalyst for H2 generation [40][53] or for the preparation of hybrid materials, such as functionalised polyoxometalates as depicted in Figure 3 [41]. Utilization of furanyl

Liquid-crystalline nanoparticles: Hybrid design and mesophase structures

• Gareth L. Nealon,
• Romain Greget,
• Cristina Dominguez,
• Zsuzsanna T. Nagy,
• Daniel Guillon,
• Jean-Louis Gallani and
• Bertrand Donnio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 349–370, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.39

• cuboidal NPs form simple cubic phases. Nevertheless, the presence of an anisotropic NP functionalised with a mesogenic ligand is not sufficient to guarantee the formation of a mesophase, as it has been shown that the aspect ratio may play an important role in determining the ability of the hybrid materials

Imidazole as a parent π-conjugated backbone in charge-transfer chromophores

• Jiří Kulhánek and
• Filip Bureš

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 25–49, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.4

• –organic hybrid materials and showed high, stable, and tunable NLO performances, very good thermal stability, and, last but not least, easy synthesis from low-cost commercial precursors (Table 7). Raposo and co-workers investigated benzimidazole derivatives 44–47 with either a donor- or acceptor

Pseudo five-component synthesis of 2,5-di(hetero)arylthiophenes via a one-pot Sonogashira–Glaser cyclization sequence

• Dominik Urselmann,
• Dragutin Antovic and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.174

• strikingly simple methodology is highly practical and leads to a straightforward protocol for the preparation of the title compounds. Studies addressing more-sophisticated 2,5-disubstituted thiophenes for surface modification and also mesoporous hybrid materials are currently underway. Experimental 2c: An 80

Stereoselectivity of supported alkene metathesis catalysts: a goal and a tool to characterize active sites

• Christophe Copéret

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 13–21, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.3

• improving the selectivity requires tuning the structure of the active sites to favour one isomer over the other (modification of the first coordination sphere). Hybrid materials containing Ru–NHC units New strategies to develop supported homogeneous catalysts involves the preparation of hybrid organic